Battle of Wake Island in World War II

The Battle of Wake Island was fought from December 8-23, 1941, during the opening days of World War II (1939-1945). A tiny atoll in the central Pacific Ocean, Wake Island was annexed by the United States in 1899. Located between Midway and Guam, the island was not permanently settled until 1935 when Pan American Airways built a town and hotel to service their trans-Pacific China Clipper flights. Consisting of three small islets, Wake, Peale, and Wilkes, Wake Island was to the north of the Japanese-held Marshall Islands and east of Guam. As tensions with Japan rose in the late 1930s, the US Navy began efforts to fortify the island. Work on an airfield and defensive positions began in January 1941. The following month, as part of Executive Order 8682, the Wake Island Naval Defensive Sea Area was created which limited maritime traffic around the island to US military vessels and those approved by the Secretary of the Navy. An accompanying Wake Island Naval Airspace Reservation was also established over the atoll. Additionally, six 5 guns, which had previously been mounted on USS Texas (BB-35), and 12 3 anti-aircraft guns were shipped to Wake Island to bolster the atolls defenses. The Marines Prepare While work progressed, the 400 men of the 1st Marine Defense Battalion arrived on August 19, led by Major James P.S. Devereux. On November 28, Commander Winfield S. Cunningham, a naval aviator, arrived to assume overall command of the islands garrison. These forces joined the 1,221 workers from the Morrison-Knudsen Corporation which were completing the islands facilities and the Pan American staff which included 45 Chamorros (Micronesians from Guam). By early December the airfield was operational, though not complete. The islands radar equipment remained at Pearl Harbor and protective revetments had not been built to protect aircraft from aerial attack. Though the guns had been emplaced, only one director was available for the anti-aircraft batteries. On December 4, twelve F4F Wildcats from VMF-211 arrived on the island after being carried west by USS Enterprise (CV-6). Commanded by Major Paul A. Putnam, the squadron was only on Wake Island for four days before the war began. Forces Commanders United States Commander Winfield S. CunninghamMajor James P.S. Devereux527 men12 F4F Wildcats Japan Rear Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka2,500 men3 light cruisers, 6 destroyers, 2 patrol boats, 2 transports, and 2 carriers (second landing attempt) The Japanese Attack Begins Due to the islands strategic location, the Japanese made provisions to attack and seize Wake as part of their opening moves against the United States. On December 8, as Japanese aircraft were attacking Pearl Harbor (Wake Island is on the other side of the International Date Line), 36 Mitsubishi G3M medium bombers departed the Marshall Islands for Wake Island. Alerted to the Pearl Harbor attack at 6:50 AM and lacking radar, Cunningham ordered four Wildcats to begin patrolling the skies around the island. Flying in poor visibility, the pilots failed to spot the inbound Japanese bombers. Striking the island, the Japanese managed to destroy eight of VMF-211s Wildcats on the ground as well as inflicted damage on the airfield and Pam Am facilities. Among the casualties were 23 killed and 11 wounded from VMF-211 including many of the squadrons mechanics. After the raid, the non-Chamorro Pan American employees were evacuated from Wake Island aboard the Martin 130 Philippine Clipper which had survived the attack. A Stiff Defense Retiring with no losses, the Japanese aircraft returned the next day. This raid targeted Wake Islands infrastructure and resulted in the destruction of the hospital and Pan Americans aviation facilities. Attacking the bombers, VMF-211s four remaining fighters succeeded in downing two Japanese planes. As the air battle raged, Rear Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka departed Roi in the Marshall Islands with a small invasion fleet on December 9. On the 10th, Japanese planes attacked targets in Wilkes and detonated a supply of dynamite which destroyed the ammunition for the islands guns. Arriving off Wake Island on December 11, Kajioka ordered his ships forward to land 450 Special Naval Landing Force troops. Under the guidance of Devereux, Marine gunners held their fire until the Japanese were within range of Wakes 5 coastal defense guns. Opening fire, his gunners succeeded in sinking the destroyer Hayate and badly damaging Kajiokas flagship, the light cruiser Yubari. Under heavy fire, Kajioka elected to withdraw out of range. Counterattacking, VMF-211s four remaining aircraft succeeded in sinking the destroyer Kisaragi when a bomb landed in the ships depth charge racks. Captain Henry T. Elrod  posthumously  received the Medal of Honor for his part in the vessels destruction. Calls for Help While the Japanese regrouped, Cunningham and Devereux called for aid from Hawaii. Stymied in his attempts to take the island, Kajioka remained nearby and directed additional air raids against the defenses. In addition, he was reinforced by additional ships, including the carriers Soryu and Hiryu which were diverted south from the retiring Pearl Harbor attack force. While Kajioka planned his next move, Vice Admiral William S. Pye, the Acting Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Fleet, directed Rear Admirals Frank J. Fletcher  and Wilson Brown to take a relief force to Wake. Centered on the carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3) Fletchers force carried additional troops and aircraft for the beleaguered garrison. Moving slowly, the relief force was recalled by Pye on December 22 after he learned that two Japanese carriers were operating in the area. That same day, VMF-211 lost two aircraft. On December 23, with the carrier providing air cover, Kajioka again moved forward. Following a preliminary bombardment, the Japanese landed on the island. Though Patrol Boat No. 32 and Patrol Boat No. 33 were lost in the fighting, by dawn over 1,000 men had come ashore. Final Hours Pushed out of the southern arm of the island, American forces mounted a tenacious defense despite being outnumbered two-to-one. Fighting through the morning, Cunningham and Devereux were forced to surrender the island that afternoon. During their fifteen-day defense, the garrison at Wake Island sank four Japanese warships and severely damaged a fifth. In addition, as many as 21 Japanese aircraft were downed along with a total of around 820 killed and approximately 300 wounded. American losses numbered 12 aircraft, 119 killed, and 50 wounded. Aftermath Of those who surrendered, 368 were Marines, 60 US Navy, 5 US Army, and 1,104 civilian contractors. As the Japanese occupied Wake, the majority of the prisoners were transported from the island, though 98 were kept as forced laborers. While American forces never attempted to re-capture the island during the war, a submarine blockade was imposed which starved the defenders. On October 5, 1943, aircraft from  USS  Yorktown (CV-10) struck the island. Fearing an imminent invasion, the garrison commander, Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara, ordered the execution of the remaining prisoners. This was carried out on the northern end of the island on October 7, though one prisoner escaped and carved  98 US PW 5-10-43  on a large rock near the killed POWs mass grave. This prisoner was subsequently re-captured and personally executed by Sakaibara. The island was re-occupied by American forces on September 4, 1945, shortly after the wars end. Sakaibara was later convicted of war crimes for his actions on Wake Island and hung on June 18, 1947.

Dexter Morgen- Vigilante Serial Killer Essay - 899 Words

License To Kill To those who disagree with the stance of fictional vigilantly heroes such as Dexter Morgan, in effort to convince them that the vigilante’s actions have earned societys full support, the offenses commonly lain against them will be disproved and a new perspective will be given to support them. Dexter is a serial killer in Miami, FL from Dexter, a series on Showtime; however Dexter only kills murderers. Dexter is considered a felon and his actions are a capitol offense. Many would consider that grounds for Dexter to be thrown into jail, or even face death-row. But look at all the murder we allow and encourage today. Our military is trained to kill Americas enemies. While not everyone approves of war and while no one†¦show more content†¦But not full support- not support from the law. There is no arguing murder is against the law, but there are no doubt exceptions. The military is a great example of citizens who, by our laws, can kill. These men are legally allowed to, or licensed, to kill. These are the citizens who kill murders that have or will murder Americans if given the chance. These murderers exist not only over seas, but also in America- killing 16,000 Americans annually. The court system will do the best they to capture them, but what happens when they fail? When citizens stand up against a crook, murderer, or rapist, the punishment lies with the man who rid the world of the injustice; the man that can not let injustice stand is the man that the law says is out of hand. Why should the good be punished? Murder is usually considered an act of passion. Its usually a one time thing which is why most murderers dont get the death penalty. However, certain acts of passion fit the bill on who should get killed in the electric chair. A man who rapes and murderers victims deserves a much more severe punishment than the man who shot that felon. Most wouldnt mind that the rapist was killed and most would believe that the man who shot the rapist had a good mind to do it. If these actions were perfectly legal, it would spark a movement. A movement that would result in the death or thousand of people who believe they are capable of killing felons too. A

Gender Differences in Trifles Essay - 717 Words

â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell is a play that is largely based on stereotypes. The most prevalent one is the inferiority of women over men, though the play also explores the differences between genders in general. First of all, Glaspell largely examines the repression of women in the 1900s. Women were highly looked down upon by men, and were seen mostly as housekeepers and child bearers, and were definitely not seen as intelligent people. The women in this play prove that the stereotypes against them are completely wrong. The men in this story are sent out to discover the details of a murder, while the women come along to gather some things for Mrs. Wright, who was accused of killing her husband. Throughout the play, the men mock the†¦show more content†¦They don’t realize that the little things do matter in solving a case like this. By â€Å"worrying over trifles† (655), as Mr. Hale puts it, the women end up finding out a lot more about the murd er than the men do. The gender differences in the play are obvious and important to the story. The men in this play exhibit some traditional stereotypes of men during the time period, such that they were aggressive and self-centered. The women seem to be more cautious, intuitive and sensitive. These traits allow the women to come a lot closer to figuring out the murder than the men do. At one point in the play the women find a quilt that Mrs. Wright had been working on. Mrs. Hale asks Mrs. Peters, â€Å"I wonder if she was goin’ to quilt it or just knot it?† (658). Just then the sheriff comes down the stairs and once again ridicules the women for worrying about such little things. â€Å"They wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it!† (658), he exclaims. This is actually an important piece of evidence in the story, as the ladies find out later. They realize that she was extremely nervous about something while she was sewing, because she usual ly sews â€Å"so nice and even† (658), but the piece she had been working on was â€Å"all over the place† (658). Then, while looking around in the kitchen, and not even trying to find anything out about the murder, theShow MoreRelatedGender Differences In Trifles1499 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Susan Glaspell’s Trifles is a play about the effect of gender differences on perceptions of duty, law, and justice. The early 1900’s is the setting, arriving at the Wright farmhouse on a crisp, cold morning. Mr. Hale, a neighbor, found John Wright murdered the morning before. Hale has brought his wife, the county attorney, the sheriff and his wife to the home so the men can investigate Wright’s death. With Mrs. Wright as the primary suspect, Henderson, the county attorney, is lookingRead MoreGender Differences In Susan Glaspells Trifles1158 Words   |  5 PagesGender Differences in Susan Glaspell s  Trifles Susan Glaspell s  Trifles  is a play about the effect of gender differences on perceptions of duty, law, and justice. The play takes place in the 1900’s, a time during which women had very few rights and were often seen as their husband’s property. Though during this time in history women were perceived as being inferior to men. The play has an unexpected twist which portrays a group of women going against social norms to solve the mystery surroundingRead MoreGender Differences In Susan Glaspells Trifles885 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Susan Glaspell’s Trifles is a play about the effect of gender differences on perceptions of duty, law, and justice. The early 1900’s is the setting, arriving at the Wright farmhouse on a crisp, cold morning. Mr. Hale, a neighbor, found John Wright murdered the morning before. Hale has brought his wife, the county attorney, the sheriff and his wife to the home so the men can investigate Wright’s death. With Mrs. Wright as the primary suspect, Henderson, the county attorney, is lookingRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles : Gender Differences And Stereotyping Explored2016 Words   |  9 PagesSusan Glaspell’s Trifles: Gender Differences and Stereotyping Explored Susan Glaspell’s Trifles is a dramatic play with satirical content that points out gender differences and how stereotyping affects perceptions of duty, justice, and law. Glaspell wrote Trifles in 1916, a time in America where women were consistently expected to be housewives and nothing more. Women’s limitations were clearly a spark of inspiration and reason for Glaspell to write Trifles, criticizing society with feministic intelligenceRead MoreTrifles : Susan Glaspell s Trifles940 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a trifle? A trifle is something that has little to no importance (dictionary.com). For instance, the color of your nails would be considered a trifle. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, women are criticized and made fun of by men because of the little things they worry about, such as the color of their nails or their hair. This exhibits the gender role difference portrayed during the play’s time period. The central conflict is what the plot is centered around. In Trifles, the central conflictRead MoreAnalysis Of Trifles By Susan Glaspell846 Words   |  4 PagesSociety has put abnormal standards between women and men. Our gender equality has been an issue throughout history and legislative rights. In the short play â€Å"Trifles† by author Susan Glaspell, shows the feminist content and the failures of marriages. Mr. and Mrs. Wright had been married for a long time. They don’t have a family and live in a place that’s very solitary aside from any other houses. An investigation occurred to find the strange death of Mr. Wright and to discovered evidence if Mrs.Read MoreComparing The Way That Trifles And The Story Of An Hour924 Words   |  4 PagesThere are several similarities and differences in the way that Trifles and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† portray gender roles. Both of these stories portray two women very unhappy in their marriages and portray men as the dominant force. Trifles and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† both deal with very specific gender roles throughout the stories that relate to the time period they were written in. Trifles deals with gender roles by using a woman that feels trapped in her marriage. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† also usesRead MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissive attitude towardsRead MoreGender Differences, Gender, And Women885 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout the play Trifles are gender differences, females having an identity and women vs. men. I will explain the great meanings behind the messages of these powerful and symbolic themes The 1st theme surrounding gender differences is first found when we realize that most of the story, the two genders are separated socially and mentally. Glaspell shows examples of this throughout the play, and also demonstrates it through the characters actions These were trifles to the men but in realityRead MoreThe Real Relationship Between Men And Women1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Real Relationship Between Men and Women In the play Trifles by Susan Glaspell, the men in the play are completely out of touch with the women. This may be perhaps the single greatest important theme of the play. The gender differences set the stage for the utmost vital event of the story, the murder. The men of the story are mainly oblivious to the steps the women undergo in the story. Understandably the women solve the murder before the men even get close. The men acted just as Mr. Wright in

Marketing audit of Nike - 3562 Words

MARKETING AUDIT PROJECT ON: SUBMITTED BY: ANOOP KHURANA -2012081 SHASHANK MAKKAR -2012*** MANRAJ SINGH SANDHU-2012136 OJASWI SHARMA-2012154 SUSHANT SHARMA-2012156 INDEX SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS †¢ ECONOMIC †¢ CUSTOMER †¢ COMPETITION 3 MARKETING ASPECTS †¢ OBJECTIVES †¢ STRATEGIES †¢ TACTICS 6 4 4P’S †¢ PRODUCT †¢ PRICE †¢ PLACE †¢ PROMOTION 9 5 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 11 6 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 12 7 CONCLUSION 16 8 RECOMMENDATION 16 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 18 INTRODUCTION Nike is an incorporated company†¦show more content†¦The company believes that demands from international markets will increase in future. Nike must cater to a large portion of the new generation that demands the latest trends and styles. Nike should take into account the changing US demographics due to the rising proportion of Hispanics, Asians, and African Americans. These groups have different preferences that Nike should be able to satisfy. Nike should identify the next generation of loyal customers and provide for their needs. COMPETITION Who are the companies or brands with which the organization or brand competes? What are their sales and market share trends? How do their approaches to the market differ from the organizations, and from each other? Are there any specific weaknesses in any competitors that can be turned into opportunities? Are there any specific strength that are major threats? What adjustments have been made? Succeeded or not? What other changes are being contemplated? Why? Competition is very fierce due to the number of companies competing for sales. Lots of money goes to marketing and promotions using various channels to reach the young demographic group of consumers who spend the most money on Nike’s products. Growth is slowing down in the athletic footwear industry. But new markets are emerging with high growth rates. These markets include extreme sports market and the corporate merchandise market. 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Accommodation Management of McQuarrie Hotel †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Accommodation Management of McQuarrie Hotel. Answer: Introduction The report helps in analyzing the different tasks that is related to the revitalizing McQuarrie hotel as this will help in meeting the current and future requirements of the customers. The consultant has been appointed in order to make the appropriate changes that are required in order to make the hotel more efficient and technologically advanced as well. There are different new and modern systems that are present in the industry and such can be used in McQuarrie Hotel as this is a 4 star hotel and this will help in improving the experience of the customers and this will enhance the profitability and revenue of the hotel as well. According to me, the respective hotel is performing well from the last few decades and the owner wants to include some technological advancement as this will help in making the endeavor more successful in nature. As a consultant, I feel there are few changes that can be done in order to bring some modern systems that are as follows: Internet of Things is one of the technologies that I feel can help in enhancing the experience of customers along with improving the efficiency of the organization as well. Internet of Things will expand and help in enhancing the guest experience, especially of the corporate clients and international tourists along with efficiency in the business and service operations for the guests by the chosen hotel. In addition, this will help in reducing the breakdown of equipments as well. This is a technology that can help in measuring the risk of Ultraviolet in a specific location and the sensor will help in guiding the employees in preventing such UV risks as well. Wireless charging is another technological advancement that can be used by the hotel as well as already more than 30% properties is using the Kube Systems (Park, Jeong Kim and McCleary 2014). The wireless charging will help in using resonant electromagnetic fields that will help in charging multiple phone sets with the help of special cases that can be away up to 17 feet (Nieves and Segarra-Ciprs 2015). This technological implementation of the hotel will enhance the customer experience as well as will help the employees to provide best service to the customers. For example, any social gathering of corporate events held at the hotel requires the employees to provide more amounts of facilities to the guests and this specific technological advancement will enable the organization to provide the same to the customers. Amadeus Global Distribution system can be used by the McQuarrie Hotel as this will help in distributing the inventory as well as the content and this will help the staffs of the hotel in understanding the number of reservations without much calculations as this helps in recording the data with implementation of Amadeus technology (Al-Refaie 2015). I feel the bookings that are done by usage of telephonic conversation as well as through emails can be replaced by this technology and this will help the hotel in gaining competitive advantage as well (Mok, Sparks and Kadampully 2013). Not only the customers will be benefitted by this system but also the more reservation and will be able to make the organization achieve the remarkable profitability to the same. Interactive walls are the other technological advancement that can be implemented by the respective hotel as this will help in providing interactive digital displays in public spaces (Aissa and Goaied 2016). Renaissance NY Midtown hotel in New York, Staybridge Suites hotel in New York, Hotel Indigo in London, multinational hotel brand W Hotels are some of the example that are using such technology as this includes motor detectors, 3D cameras as well as projectors and this will create living wall that will have the capacity to interact with the guests who are staying in the hotel ( Molina-Azorn et al. 2015). Robotics is the technological advancement that will help the hotel in using the robot as the mascot of the hotel (Prebensen, Chen and Uysal 2014). There are more than 20% hotels in the world that are using Robot as mascot as this helps in improving the recommendations as it will learn and this will interact with the guests as well (Ali and Amin 2014). Therefore, I feel that these are the different technological advancements that can be used by the McQuarrie Hotel as this will help in enhancing the experience of the customers and this will help them in improving the profitability of the hotel as well. I feel that McQuarrie Hotel can include other new segments of customers in their hotel for families, corporate clients as well as leisure guests along with international guests as well. I think the different sectors in the hotel have different requirements and the requirements can be met by the hotel staffs and the owner of the hotel with implementation of different technological advancements as well as provisions in the hotel. Along with this, the guests come from different background which defines their requirements. For example, requirements of the corporate clients and the international guests are mainly focused on the technologies. The international guests most of the time are advanced in technologies. Again, the corporate clients need technological equipment and facilities for their corporate activities. Apart from that the international guests requires some additional beneficial services according to their taste. Therefore, the facilities, service and the accommodation of the customers must incorporate with their requirements and background. For the corporate clients, McQuarrie hotel can implement the following strategies: Deluxe suit A proper conference centre Free Wi-Fi up to 1 GB per day Complimentary shoe polishing Foreign Exchange 4712441501808403 I feel these are the different provisions that can be provided to the corporate clients who are visiting and staying at McQuarrie hotel. For the international guests there can be implementation of following requirements: Proper transfer from and to airport Executive Lounge Executive health care gym and swimming pool Beauty spa and salon Free water taxi shuttle and bicycle all the time Free Wi-Fi up to 500 MB per day I will be implementing these provisions during the stay of the international clients as this will help in providing the desired services and they will be happy with the services of the hotel as well. For the families, there are different requirements that have to be met are as follows: 24 hour room service Airport transfer Child care as well as baby sitting Car rental service Gym and swimming pool Ladies floor These are the different facilities and provisions that can be incorporated by the respective hotel as I feel these facilities are common in other hotels and when such facilities will be incorporated by them, this will help them in gaining huge profitability in the future as well. For leisure guests, there can be few different strategies that can be implemented that are as follows: 24 hour room service 24 hour gym, spa and sauna Proper availability of the food and other snacks and drinks in their rooms Proper beauty and hair salon and spa Medical facilities Car rental facilities The facilities that can be provided to the leisure guests is different from the others as this is particularly for the customers who are visiting the hotel for relaxation and this will provide them proper entertainment and happiness as well. For leisure guests, proper facilities relating to gym, sauna is necessary as this will gain more competitive advantage in the business. I feel these are the different provisions that can be adopted by the respective hotel named McQuarrie. I think these provisions that can be adopted by the hotel as this will help them in gaining proper competitive advantage and this will help them in earning revenue and profit in the near future as well. I feel proper strategies can be implemented by the owner on the improving the performance of the staffs in the business. These will help in gaining proper success in the business as well. References Aissa, S.B. and Goaied, M., 2016. Determinants of Tunisian hotel profitability: The role of managerial efficiency. Tourism Management,52, pp.478-487. Ali, F. and Amin, M., 2014. The influence of physical environment on emotions, customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions in Chinese resort hotel industry.Journal for Global Business Advancement,7(3), pp.249-266. Al-Refaie, A., 2015. Effects ofhuman resource management on hotel performance using structural equation modeling.Computers in Human Behavior,43, pp.293-303. Hsiao, T.Y., Chuang, C.M., Kuo, N.W. and Yu, S.M.F., 2014. Establishing attributes of anenvironmental management system for green hotel evaluation.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp.197-208. Kryukova, E.M. and Sokolova, A.P., 2014. Assessment of efficiency of the hotel management by a Russian company.World Applied Sciences Journal,30(MCTT)), pp.51-54. Mok, C., Sparks, B. and Kadampully, J., 2013.Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Molina-Azorn, J.F., Tar, J.J., Pereira-Moliner, J., Lpez-Gamero, M.D. and Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., 2015. The effects of quality and environmental management on competitive advantage: A mixed methods study in the hotel industry.Tourism Management,50, pp.41-54. Nieves, J. and Segarra-Ciprs, M., 2015. Management innovation in the hotel industry.Tourism Management,46, pp.51-58. Park, J., Jeong Kim, H. and McCleary, K.W., 2014. The impact of top managements environmental attitudes on hotel companies environmental management.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,38(1), pp.95-115. Prebensen, N.K., Chen, J.S. and Uysal, M. eds., 2014.Creating experience value in tourism. Cabi.

Culture, Self and Identity free essay sample

Debate over how new immigrants, particularly those from China, might dilute the Singaporean culture and identity perennially reiterates itself in the mass media and/or social media platforms such as Facebook. A newspaper write-up, â€Å"Singapore’s unique identity sets it apart from China†, by a Singaporean academic, for example, emphasized that Singaporean identity, constituting of a composite culture and common language of communication, English, â€Å"are what crucially distinguish Singapore from China†. Such views reflected the continuing importance and creation of a ‘Singaporean’ identity based on a sense of nationalism. This burgeoning sense of ‘national’ identity was also demonstrated in a recent incident which highlighted the furore and unity forged among the various races in Singapore against a mainland Chinese, Zhou Hou, who assaulted and criticised a Malay Singaporean on Facebook. This formation of national identity hinges upon the various races unifying themselves as â€Å"Singaporeans† to display their intolerance and exclusivity towards the foreigners. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture, Self and Identity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Evidently, a ‘Singaporean’ identity at the national level is realized in overt unity in the form of rejecting association with and discriminating against the foreigners by highlighting cultural differences to create a dichotomization between Singaporeans (host population) and ‘foreigners’ (‘others’) (Barth, 1998). The examples also reflected important markers used to define a unique â€Å"multi-racial† identity amongst the different racial groups in terms of assumed commonalities based on the use of common language, English, and the affirmation of Singapore’s uniqueness as a nation of different races, culture and religions. This identity is largely founded upon the very foundations of the policy, â€Å"Multiculturalism† which Singapore’s social system and various social processes is built upon. Multiculturalism, stressed in a series of government’s organized attempts in policy initiatives and discourses, has led to many medi(ated) representations of Singapore as a multi-cultural and multi-racial society, to raise Singaporeans’ consciousness on the importance of racial harmony and ethnic peace in a pluralistic society, thereby organizing interaction between people (Singh, 2011). With Singaporeans assimilating fundamental orientations via such media(ted) representations, the values and supporting beliefs of multiculturalism have been internalized and became the lens through which people form their perceptions of reality and develop shared, learned ways of dealing with everyday life; like ‘a set of prescriptions’ governing social interactions amongst people of various backgrounds (Barth, 1998). According to Barth (1998), categorical distinctions can be attributed to social processes of incorporation and exclusion which maintains discrete categories in a society. Therefore, when confronted with the influx of foreigners, racial unity became a natural instinct for many Singaporeans. Despite overt cultural differences between groups, inter-ethnic contact and interdependence enable a ‘common’ identity to be created amongst Singaporeans of all races. Singaporeans reconcile the relationship between ethnicity and nation to forge a unique composite national identity that can sufficiently differentiate themselves from foreign immigrants. This is observable in the â€Å"Zhou Hou incident† whereby Chinese Singaporeans chose to identify and associate themselves more closely with their fellow Malay Singaporeans than with foreigners who share the same ethnicity as them. Similarly, the academic writer who stressed upon Singapore’s distinct cultural identity as the source which defines and â€Å"separates Singaporeans of all races from the mainland† exemplified how Singaporeans reconcile racial-ethnic differences to promote a national identity based on a sense of nationalism and belonging. Hence, such media(ted) representations have clearly illustrated how Singaporeans, as the dominant group in relation to the foreigners in Singapore, show their ability to articulate and present ideas and values to shape and influence opinion to justify and maintain boundaries (Barth, 1998). While â€Å"multi-racial† identity is used to bring Singaporeans together under a common â€Å"national† identity, Singaporeans have been able to highlight distinctions to create perceived differences between Singaporeans and foreigners, classifying the foreigners as ‘outsiders’. The categories of ascription and identification by Singaporeans themselves present a picture of reality that forms people’s views and provides individuals who accept such representations with a â€Å"moral imperative† that gives implicit instructions, forming a fundamental basis for decision-making and behaviour. Consequently, foreigners in Singapore face much challenge in integrating into the mainstream Singapore society and may experience alienation if attempts were made to resist such representations. 735 words)