Development of Microprocessor Based Automatic Gate

Development of Microprocessor Based Automatic Gate ABSTRACT In this paper, we give detailed information about development of microprocessor based automatic gate. In common gate operations many times troubles will occur, using microprocessor based automatic gate, we can completely remove these troubles easily. We are going to use this automatic gate in Automatic Car Parking. The automatic gate senses vehicle which they come near to it. It automatically opens, wait for a definite time, and closes after the time has passed. This system can also regularly check the number of vehicle that entered the parking area and calculate the available space limit of the area. The automatic gate developed in this paper is controlled by software, which can be modified any time whenever the system needs the change. Keywords: automatic gate, microprocessor, automobile, traffic controllers. INTRODUCTION Need of automatic gate is rapidly increasing day by day. This system described the use of microprocessor as a controller. This automatic gate is nothing but the alternative of manual gate. Manual systems are costly, time consuming. Micro controlled gate are  used in making sound system, Robot, automatic breaking system, etc. This automatic gate can be used in parking of residential home, organization, in public car parking. This system consists of an automatic remote control to open and close the door for parking. It opens the door only when the space is there. The automatic gate which is used here is not for security purpose. It is just developed to eliminate the problems which are faced by the older manual method. SYSTEM OVERVIEW The system presented here is microprocessor based automatic gate. Here microprocessor is used to control the sensor which gives the information about space limit. This system opens, wait and closes door for car. And counts the number of car entered or exit. This system consists of trigger circuit, sensor, CPU and memory module, display, gate and power supply unit. First sensor gives input signal to system. The sensor is optical when the car cross it then the signal is HIGH otherwise it is LOW. Trigger is responsible for the HIGH and LOW signals. This trigger coverts the analog signal to digital. If the signal is HIGH then trigger sends the signal to interface unit. Then the car enters the parking. If the signal is LOW then the car never enters to the parking area. Power supply unit supplies DC voltage for system. Block diagram of system HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN The system design is divided into two parts: Hardware design. Software design. Hardware design Sensor unit Trigger circuit CPU module Memory module Display unit Gate control unit Power supply unit 1. Sensor Unit:- It is an optical sensor; this is the light dependent register. This will change its resistance with intensity of light. In this system we use ORP12 it is called as dark resistance of 10ÃŽ ©. When light ray are focused then resistance is low and if lights are disturbed, resistance will start increasing to dark resistance. Two pair of resister is used one for entrance gate and another for exit gate. Sensor unit send output to trigger circuit. When light ray focused output voltage is v01 and v02. And when light is getting interrupted then the voltage increases to 5v. 2. Trigger Circuit:- This is made up of trigger, two input NAND gate. This receives the output from sensor unit. If there is output from sensor unit then only trigger circuit go HIGH, otherwise it remains at LOW level. 3. CPU Module:- This provides system clock, reset and access to address data and control bus. Additional circuits are used which are: Clock circuit. Reset circuit. Clock circuit: Crystal Oscillator is used to implement clock circuit. Cristal oscillator is more reliable for the high level output voltage. In this design the CPU which is used, has a clock cycle. Thus we use crystal oscillator and is pass through flip flop. Reset Circuit: After the power is supplied this circuit initializes CPU if Halt occurs. If the CPU is reset the execution starts. It will clear the interrupt. 4. Memory Module:- In this module two techniques are used linear select and fully decoding technique. In linear select each bit select a device, can be done with small system. Doesn’t need any decoding hardware, but it is time consuming. In fully decoding memory address is required to select memory device. Address Decoder: It tells about space in memory to allocate the address pointed by microprocessor. In this combinational circuits are used. It can enable multiple inputs. When all enables are active then only decoder has active low outputs. 5. Display Unit:- Display unit uses the decimal and hexadecimal format for displaying purpose. Display unit consists of- Z80 PIO: It provides 8-bit I/O port. It needs a driver to fed output to 7-segment display. Whenever a vehicle crosses the gate, this unit send signal to driver. BCD to 7 segment decoder: For displaying decimal digit, decoder is used to take 4-bit BCD input. 7-segment display 6. Gate Control Unit:- Gate control unit is made up of PNP and NPN transistor Diodes Motor. Transistors are used to control opening of gate through motor. There is time interval of 10 seconds between opening and closing of gate. Diodes are used to protect transistor from reverse bias register to improve switching line. A DC Motor is used to control opening and closing of gate. 7. Power Supply Unit:- Power supply unit designed is 5v DC and is doesn’t change even if there is variation in AC voltage. Component of power supply unit is:- Transformer: 220 or 240 transformer. Diode: converts AC current to DC. Filter Capacitor: used to reduce ripple voltage. Regulator: it receives DC input, and return it as the output Software design Software design is referred as the coding. Here we have to program the system. Program modules are: Main Program Sensor Subroutine Delay Subroutine Output Subroutine Steps involving in software design: Algorithm Flow Chart Coding Algorithm START 1. cnt1 = 0, cnt2 = 0, lim = 20 2. Read the sensor bit 3. Compare sensor bit with entry code and exit code. a. If sensor bit = entry code then goto step 5 b. Elseif sensor bit = exit code then goto step 6 4. Go to step 2 5. a. Open, wait and close b. Increment cnt1 and display c. Go to step 7 6a.Open, wait and close b. Increment cnt2 and display 7. Subtract cnt2 from cnt1 8. Compare result with lim a. If result = lim then step 9 b. Else go to step 2 9. Fetch sensor bit 10. Compare sensor bit a. If status = exit code then step6 b. Else raise alarm 11. Goto step 9. CONCLUSION By this system with the help of microcontroller gate project’s goal is achieved. The design can be applicable for any kind of system which needs sensor. In this system sensor plays the important part to this parking system. For effectiveness one should have the proper knowledge about the sensor, microprocessor, and assembly language. The sensor works effectively if operates in high intensity of light. This automatic gate can be used in organization; public car park etc. and this system don’t make for any security purpose.

Essay --

Isaac Setton Feb 17 2014 11HX Mr. Weisenberg Reconstruction Essay After the war there were many plans which were similar but different in a way. The plans were Lincolns plan, Wade Davis Bill, Andrew Johnson's Plan, and Radical Republicans Plan. Even before the war ended, President Lincoln started to think about reconstruction because he already thought about how the war would end. He wanted to build a strong Republic in the South. To end the war, he made a proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction for those areas of the Confederacy were ere was ran by Union armies. What Lincoln did was when ten percent of the population would sign a loyalty oath, he would reinstate that state into the union. In order to get this ten percent he wanted the knowledgeable blacks to vote. Voters the were able to elect delegates to give changed state constitutions and create new state governments. All southerners except for high line Confederate army officers and government officials were granted full amnesty. Lincoln guaranteed southerners that he would protect their private property which excl...

Generation Gap

The generation gap is the different generations have different views of the same thing with different ideal. Different environments to create different people and different circumstances produce different thoughts. The emergence of the generation gap in a family is the responsibility of parents and children,parents often complain that children now too do not respect their parents; the children also complain that their parents do not understand children, making the original and the happy family have strife.It contrary to the point of view for the parents, children have their new insights and cause different thinking ideas, behaviors, habits according to their parents. Parents and children have different psychological characteristics. Children have ideals and aspirations, vision of a better future, thinking broad, have flexible response, creative spirit, fast to accept new things, strong ability of adapting to the new environment and prefer independent thinking.There has strong sense o f innovation, ingenuity, courage to break the stereotypes. However, the lack of social experiences their ideas easily extreme and deal with the problem is not calm. Parents were already undergoing many things, mature wisdom, character, maturity, and in interpersonal communication has a lot of experience. Parents see deep and thorough problem, but sometimes because of traditional attitudes, bondage of feudal ideology, ideological and stubborn, conservative, and so on.Besides that,the authoritative ideological heavier of some parents, assertive, requires children to unconditionally obey, so the children will be dissatisfied. For example, there is abundant energy of the younger generation, and competition, innovation, independent, unwilling to be controlled by others, giving a â€Å"bold and unconstrained† impression. In this regard, the older parents are not understood; feel that children had too much wind. Such deviation is bound on the understanding of direct impact to the at titudes and behavior of both sides, and both sides of the generation gap.If you both can do a role change, play the role of your opponent, to experience each others emotions, it's good to change their views, to facilitate exchanges. In this society, the generation gap is a universal phenomenon, it hinders the thoughts, feelings and daily exchanges between parents and children and communication. If the children cannot accept the arrangement of the parents, the children also must be respect their parents, trying to communicate with them, talk with them to explain their ideas like this, sometimes parents and children are also able to reach a consensus. Generation Gap Leo Tolstoy said: â€Å"All families are happy in the similar way and unhappy in its own way†. And happiness or unhappiness of any family mostly depends on relations in it. So many families so many family relations. Each family establishes its own relations in its own way. It has its own traditions and customs and its own unwritten constitution including rights and duties of every member of the family. They are also different in different families. So the problem of misunderstanding becomes urgent. Some people can it generation gap.And both sides (parents and children) should be patient and tactful and it’s the only way to settle down all the problems and stay friends. Youth is a very important period in the life of man. This is the time when a person discovers the world and tries to determine the place in the universe. Young people face lots of problems which are very important for them and do not differ much from those that once their parents had to deal with. At the same time every generation is unique. It differs from the one that preceded it in its experience, ideals and a system of values.The adults always say that the young are not what they were. These words are repeated from generation to generation. To some extent they are true, because every new generation grows up quicker, enjoys more freedom. It is better educated and benefits from the results of the technological progress of the time. Young people of today do not directly accept the standards of their parents who believe that they are right because they are older. The adults don't want their values to be questioned. The young on the other hand can not accept the values of their â€Å"fathers†.All these differences generate a generation gap when the young and adult do not understand one another. As a rule the adults, dissatisfied with their own lives, teach the young how to live. Unfortunately, the adults apply old standards to the new way of life. They can not leave behind the ir â€Å"good old days†. This burden is very heavy. They think that the world is going down hill. They gloomily look ahead unable to understand the optimism of their children who want to pave their own way in life. The majority of the young people do not want to live in the past.They have their own ideals. They want to make their own mistakes rather than to listen to the warnings of the adults and repeat the mistakes of the older generation. They want to overcome their own difficulties without looking back. However, the life of the young is frequently determined by the adults. I think that parents will never understand their children. And children, in their turn, shock their parents with their dress, language, behaviour. Traditionally, young people were looking at their elders for guidance. Today the situation is different.Sometimes the young people share information and experience with their parents. I think that it is not bad, especially when the adults really try to unders tand what is going on in the lives of their children. Moreover, young people grow up so quickly that they almost do not have time to enjoy their childhood. So, as you see, it is very difficult to be young nowadays, as it always was. But you only can be young once, and some wonderful things can happen only when you’re young. So, it is be to enjoy youth while it lasts. Generation Gap The generation gap is the different generations have different views of the same thing with different ideal. Different environments to create different people and different circumstances produce different thoughts. The emergence of the generation gap in a family is the responsibility of parents and children,parents often complain that children now too do not respect their parents; the children also complain that their parents do not understand children, making the original and the happy family have strife.It contrary to the point of view for the parents, children have their new insights and cause different thinking ideas, behaviors, habits according to their parents. Parents and children have different psychological characteristics. Children have ideals and aspirations, vision of a better future, thinking broad, have flexible response, creative spirit, fast to accept new things, strong ability of adapting to the new environment and prefer independent thinking.There has strong sense o f innovation, ingenuity, courage to break the stereotypes. However, the lack of social experiences their ideas easily extreme and deal with the problem is not calm. Parents were already undergoing many things, mature wisdom, character, maturity, and in interpersonal communication has a lot of experience. Parents see deep and thorough problem, but sometimes because of traditional attitudes, bondage of feudal ideology, ideological and stubborn, conservative, and so on.Besides that,the authoritative ideological heavier of some parents, assertive, requires children to unconditionally obey, so the children will be dissatisfied. For example, there is abundant energy of the younger generation, and competition, innovation, independent, unwilling to be controlled by others, giving a â€Å"bold and unconstrained† impression. In this regard, the older parents are not understood; feel that children had too much wind. Such deviation is bound on the understanding of direct impact to the at titudes and behavior of both sides, and both sides of the generation gap.If you both can do a role change, play the role of your opponent, to experience each others emotions, it's good to change their views, to facilitate exchanges. In this society, the generation gap is a universal phenomenon, it hinders the thoughts, feelings and daily exchanges between parents and children and communication. If the children cannot accept the arrangement of the parents, the children also must be respect their parents, trying to communicate with them, talk with them to explain their ideas like this, sometimes parents and children are also able to reach a consensus.

Civ

Civ Constitutional Parliamentary monarchy and absolutism are two styles of government which came about in England and France respectively. However, who can say which one form of government is better or worse? John Locke's idea on government is that "political power is the power, which every man having in the state of nature, has given up into the hands of society, and therein to the governors, whom society hath set over itself . . . "(Locke) Bossuet, on the other hand, says that power is given from the grace of God. The ruler, or person with the power, is the minister of God. The role that religion has in government now is very clear, There is a separation between the two. From the middle ages until recently religion had been a very strongly involved in government. In both England's constitutional parliamentary monarchy and in France's absolute monarchy religion played a big part in the government.Law was an ardent disciple of John Locke.The situations in France and England were much the same in that religion was controlling the government. In France, the Catholics and Henry II disliked the French Protestants. This continued with Henry II's kin. This hatred of the Protestants led up to the Saint Bartholomew's Massacre of August 24th 1572, where 3000 Huguenots were killed. Henry IV was made head of the Catholic Church in France, which still had a major influence in the decision of whom became king. With French Absolutism, the king is, appointed by God to rule over the kingdom as God would if He was here. Everything that the king does is done because God would have wanted it that way. To question the king's/queen's judgements or ideas would be to question God. "It was seen as a perfect form of government, the consolidation of power in the hands of the divinely...

Essay about Anatomy Notes

Essay about Anatomy Notes Essay about Anatomy Notes 10/19 Notes 4. Recovery a) Excessive post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) 1. Oxygen reserves of myoglobin (oxygen storage molecule in muscle) 2. Lactic acid build up 3. Glycogen stores 4. ATP and creatine phosphate b) Heat production -only 40% of energy is used, the rest is lost as heat -sweat and heat radiation diffuse excess heat E. Strains, Tears, and Sprains 1. Strain-the muscle is over stretched and may be torn. Also called a â€Å"pulled muscle.† Inflammation of muscle can cause joints to be immobilized. 2. Tear- a tear can occur on the cartilage, muscle tendons, or ligament and also causes inflammation. 3. Sprain- the reinforcing ligaments of a joint are strained or torn. Healing takes longer because ligaments are poorly vascularized. I. Smooth Muscle A. Structure -spindle shaped cells of various sizes -only have endomysium which contain blood muscle and nerves -generally arranged in 2 layers 1. Longitudinal- fibers run parallel and constrict the organ and cause dilation 2. circular- fibers run around the circumference and cause constriction of the lumen and elongation -Peristalsis- is the alteration of circular and longitudinal contraction that moves substances through the lumen (intestines, uterus, bladder) EX: Chinese finger trap B. Microstructure -Varicosities-bulbous swellings of the autonomic nerve fibers -Caveolae-extensions of sarcolemma -actin/myosin in diagonal pattern (no sarcomere) -calmodulin instead of troponin for calcium binding -dense bodies-intermediate filaments act as an anchor -less sarcoplasmic reticulum -Myosin kinase-(phosphorylates the myosin) C. Contraction 1. Varicosities release a neurotransmitter across diffuse neuromuscular junction (synaptic cleft) 2. AP is generated across muscle fibers to initiate synchronized contraction 3. VR channels open, Ca++ flows into cytosol from extracellular fluid or SR 4. Ca++ binds to calmodulin (actin binding sites available) 5. Calmodulin activates myosin kinase 6. Myosin kinase activate myosin ATPase 7. Contraction coupling continues until Ca++ is released from calmodulin and is pumped back into SR and ECF. D. Same game, Different Name Smooth Skeletal -Varicosities-in diffuse -Axon terminal in synaptic cleft neuromuscular junction -Caveolae-extensions of the -T-tubules and terminal cisterns Sarcolemma -Most Ca++ comes from ECF -Most Ca++ comes from SR -Actin/Myosin in diagonal pattern - Actin/Myosin in horizontal pattern -calmodulin -dense bodies -myosin

Langston Hughes College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Langston Hughes College - Essay Example Hughes published more than thirty-five books that utilized such diverse formats as poetry, scripts, operas, essays, and musicals aimed at both children's and adult audiences. Langston Hughes was able to not only illustrate what it meant to be black, but he was also able to show blacks what it meant to be American. Langston Hughes's love of writing and his social consciousness were formulated during his early years as a black child living in the early 1900s. Born in 1902 to a family with a deep literary tradition and a convention for education, Hughes gravitated towards writing at an early age. Hughes's father, James Nathaniel Hughes, studied law and moved to Mexico after being denied admittance to the bar in the Oklahoma Territory, leaving his wife and young Langston behind. Unable to support her young child, Carrie Hughes moved from job to job in Missouri and Kansas, while young Langston stayed with his maternal grandmother for most of the next decade in Lawrence Kansas. Langston was briefly reunited with his father in Mexico in 1908, but by this time he had already begun to reject the materialism sought by his father (Tracy 25). Langston had become keenly aware of the difference between wealth and poverty, and the social value of both. Langston Hughes was exposed to other writers in his family at an early age. His mother "demonstrated a dramatic imagination through writing poetry and delivering monologues in costume" (Tracy 25). His great-uncle, John Mercer Langston, attained some literary notoriety with an autobiography published under the title From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capital in 1894 (Tracy 25). Hughes's imagination was spurred on further by his grandmother's imagination and a visit to the Topeka library. He would remark later in life that, "even before I was six books began to happen to me, so that after a while there came a time when I believed in books more than in people which, of course, was wrong" (Tracy 26). Hughes briefly returned to Mexico in 1921 to live with his father, and it was then that he penned "The Negro Speaks of Rivers", arguably his first important work. It was published in 1922 by the W.E.B. DuBois publication Crisis, thus launching his long literary career. Hughes's early childhood experiences and his literary success with the Crisis placed him as a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance. By 1920 several major black organizations such as the NAACP and The Urban League, had located their offices in Harlem, New York. Harlem had become a magnet for black America as African-Americans were defining their American identity. Taylor describes the rising tide of black dignity as follows: As Harlem consolidated its role as a "black belt," it took on a powerful significance for writers and artists. From 1919 to 1929 the cultural movement defining the neighborhood's heyday took place: the Harlem Renaissance. Those were the years, wrote Langston Hughes, when "Harlem was in vogue." The philosophy and art that came out of Harlem at this time have had a lasting significance for the development of modern black consciousness. (7) The crucible of Harlem with its conflict and fury would propel Hughes to develop an individual style that shaped the future of black America, black literature, and the Civil Rights movement. It was in Harlem that Langston Hughes gained widespread acceptance as an important American writer. During the early 1920s,

The Violence of Video Games on Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Violence of Video Games on Children - Essay Example Violent video games can have a serious negative effect on children, by giving them aggressive thoughts and actions. Aggressive acts are â€Å"acts that make a person more likely to commit a dangerous or harmful act† (McCormick, 2001, 279). Video games make some children aggressive in all of their behavior. Children who like to play video games sometimes try to imitate those things in real life. Video games make children become lost in the game and can be very addictive. In addition, video games make children scared because they have challenges with opponents in the game. Children who play video games may also experience emotional imbalance or bad dreams when they go to sleep. Because of the use of video games children â€Å"behave more aggressively† with their siblings and friends (Whitaker, 2009). When a child plays video games that have aggressive behavior, they will want to repeat that behavior with their siblings or friends. Children typically apply what they learn from violent video games to real life. Violent games reinforce bad behavior in children and can negatively affect the friendly relationship between siblings. In addition, children can also lack of a sense of their feelings. Children become violent with their siblings or friends because they cannot control themselves and their feelings of anger. Children who cannot get along with their friends without using violence think that they can always get what they want. Also, they feel glad when they make someone cry. Also, sometimes when they can’t win they will take it out on their siblings or friends. Children who play violent video games can thus become very antisocial because they don’t know how to get along with their peers. Another side effect of violent video games is that children may become less obedient to their parents and teachers. They may think they are smarter than those people and lie to them if they think they can get away with it. Children often need to stay with their parents and siblings so they can talk about real life issues, but video games can distract their attention. This negative behavior can make children stubborn. In addition, violent video games cause children to miss out on valuable lessons from their parents and teachers. These children often don’t follow school rules or respect the teachers. Once this happens, it is only a matter of time before these children suffer from poor grades due to their decreased focus on studying. Some of these same children will even go to school with having enough sleep and so they will be very tired. Video games can also destroy a child’s personality because it will lead them to not do homework. Some children can forget to do homework because they are so busy playing video games. Students can also lose interest in other activities. Video games prevent them from exercising because that time is spent playing video games instead. These children don’t read anymore because the y have found something that is much more exciting than reading. Therefore, their reading ability begins to suffer. These children also cannot go to play football outside with their friends because they are too busy enjoying time by themselves when they play video games. Furthermore, some children have drawing talent, yet when they ultimately get into video games